The article argues that William Faulkner’s novel As I Lay Dying reflects broader patterns of rural depopulation and social dislocation in the American South during the early twentieth century. Faulkner’s narrative is interpreted as an allegory of the struggles of small rural families facing economic, cultural, and spatial upheaval as modernization and migration reshape Southern society. Through the Bundren family’s difficult journey to bury their mother in another town, the novel captures both the emotional experience (“structure of feeling”) and the material impacts of rural decline, including loss of traditional lifestyles, weakening community ties, and the psychological strain of displacement.