23 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2026.100771 English eng Nasim Cheraghi Contributor <p><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(31, 31, 31); font-family: ElsevierGulliver, Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, STIXGeneral, "Cambria Math", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Arial Unicode MS", serif, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Clostridium difficile</em><span style="color: rgb(31, 31, 31); font-family: ElsevierGulliver, Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, STIXGeneral, "Cambria Math", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Arial Unicode MS", serif, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">, a toxin-producing bacterium, can lead to conditions ranging from mild diarrhea to severe pseudomembranous colitis. Our research introduces an innovative strategy for developing a multi-epitope mRNA vaccine using in-silico methods targeting proteins involved in </span><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(31, 31, 31); font-family: ElsevierGulliver, Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, STIXGeneral, "Cambria Math", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Arial Unicode MS", serif, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Clostridium difficile</em><span style="color: rgb(31, 31, 31); font-family: ElsevierGulliver, Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, STIXGeneral, "Cambria Math", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Arial Unicode MS", serif, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"> infection (CDI). Through computational models, we identified epitopes for B cells, helper T lymphocytes (HTL), and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) from protein sequences, assessing their immune response potential, allergenicity, toxicity, and autoimmune risk. The constructed 3D model underwent interaction docking and immune simulations, including evaluations of population coverage and physicochemical properties. Finally, molecular dynamics simulations were employed to test the vaccine's stability. Our findings suggest that this approach holds promise for creating a multi-epitope mRNA vaccine against </span><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(31, 31, 31); font-family: ElsevierGulliver, Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, STIXGeneral, "Cambria Math", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Arial Unicode MS", serif, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">C. difficile</em><span style="color: rgb(31, 31, 31); font-family: ElsevierGulliver, Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, STIXGeneral, "Cambria Math", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Arial Unicode MS", serif, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"> infection.</span></p> Elsevier September 2026 pdf Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Development a novel in silico mRNA vaccine against Clostridium difficile mixed material Elsevier