
While he does not reference it explicitly, Hayden's comment hearkens back to the moment in his career for which he has become most famous: his defiant rejection of the term "black poet" at the First Fisk Black Writers' Conference in 1966.1 Expressed at the height of the Black Arts Movement of the 1960s, his opinion made Hayden a minority voice within African American poetics and continues to resonate in discussions of his career and influence. [...]Middle Passage" encapsulates a theme prevalent in nearly all Hayden's poems: the historical path to freedom along which victims of oppression persist, and the desire for autonomy, buoyed by moments and acts of recognition, that fuels their persistence.\n This repeated desire appears in the closing lines of "Middle Passage," where the poem's refrain echoes a final time: "Voyage through death / to life upon these shores"